ABSTRACT
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., respectively. They are among the most important parasitic diseases, affecting millions of people worldwide, being a considerable global challenge. However, there is no human vaccine available against T. cruzi and Leishmania infections, and their control is based mainly on chemotherapy. Treatments for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis have multiple limitations, mainly due to the high toxicity of the available drugs, long-term treatment protocols, and the occurrence of drug-resistant parasite strains. In the case of Chagas disease, there is still the problem of low cure rates in the chronic stage of the disease. Therefore, new therapeutic agents and novel targets for drug development are urgently needed. Antioxidant defence in Trypanosomatidae is a potential target for chemotherapy because the organisms present a unique mechanism for trypanothione-dependent detoxification of peroxides, which differs from that found in vertebrates. Cellular thiol redox homeostasis is maintained by the biosynthesis and reduction of trypanothione, involving different enzymes that act in concert. This study provides an overview of the antioxidant defence focusing on iron superoxide dismutase A, tryparedoxin peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase and how the enzymes play an important role in the defence against oxidative stress and their involvement in drug resistance mechanisms in T. cruzi and Leishmania spp.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is responsible for generating DNA lesions and the 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is the most commonly lesion found in DNA damage. When this base is incorporated during DNA replication, it could generate double-strand DNA breaks and cellular death. MutT enzyme hydrolyzes the 8-oxoG from the nucleotide pool, preventing its incorporation during DNA replication. OBJECTIVES To investigate the importance of 8-oxoG in Leishmania infantum and L. braziliensis, in this study we analysed the impact of heterologous expression of Escherichia coli MutT (EcMutT) enzyme in drug-resistance phenotype and defense against oxidative stress. METHODS Comparative analysis of L. braziliensis and L. infantum H2O2 tolerance and cell cycle profile were performed. Lines of L. braziliensis and L. infantum expressing EcMutT were generated and evaluated using susceptibility tests to H2O2 and SbIII, cell cycle analysis, γH2A western blotting, and BrdU native detection assay. FINDINGS Comparative analysis of tolerance to oxidative stress generated by H2O2 showed that L. infantum is more tolerant to exogenous H2O2 than L. braziliensis. In addition, cell cycle analysis showed that L. infantum, after treatment with H2O2, remains in G1 phase, returning to its normal growth rate after 72 h. In contrast, after treatment with H2O2, L. braziliensis parasites continue to move to the next stages of the cell cycle. Expression of the E. coli MutT gene in L. braziliensis and L. infantum does not interfere in parasite growth or in susceptibility to SbIII. Interestingly, we observed that L. braziliensis EcMutT-expressing clones were more tolerant to H2O2 treatment, presented lower activation of γH2A, a biomarker of genotoxic stress, and lower replication stress than its parental non-transfected parasites. In contrast, the EcMutT is not involved in protection against oxidative stress generated by H2O2 in L. infantum. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that 8-oxoG clearance in L. braziliensis is important to avoid misincorporation during DNA replication after oxidative stress generated by H2O2.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Mice , Rats , Pyrophosphatases/genetics , Pyrophosphatases/metabolism , Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism , Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects , Leishmania infantum/drug effects , Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics , Escherichia coli , Guanine/analogs & derivatives , Antimony/toxicity , Rabbits , Superoxide Dismutase/genetics , Leishmania braziliensis/enzymology , Leishmania infantum/enzymology , Oxidative Stress/drug effects , Oxidative Stress/physiology , Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism , Guanine/pharmacology , Hydrogen Peroxide/toxicity , Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
Apesar da vacinação ser considerada a melhor estratégia para prevenir a infecção por Leishmania, não existe até o momento nenhuma vacina segura e eficaz para uso humano disponível. As vacinas atenuadas, consideradas padrão-ouro para proteção contra patógenos intracelulares, têm sido largamente estudadas como estratégia de imunização contra as leishmanioses. Dessa forma, com o objetivo de obter uma cepa atenuada de Leishmania, foi realizado o nocaute do gene Kharon1 (Kh1) em L. infantum, o qual foi descrito como sendo essencial para citocinese das formas amastigotas de L. mexicana.Os mutantes LiKh1-/- foram obtidos com sucesso por meio de recombinação homóloga e a deleção de ambas as cópias do gene foi confirmada por PCR, qPCR e Southern blot. Em seguida foram também obtidos mutantes complementados nos quais o gene Kh1 foi reinserido nos parasitos LiKh1-/- (add back).Apesar das formas promastigotas dos mutantes LiKh1-/- não apresentaram alteração do crescimento quando comparadas com LiWT, parasitos LiKh1-/- apresentam alteração morfológica, que não é detectada nos parasitos complementados. Apesar de Kh1 estar indiretamente relacionado com o transporte de glicose, os mutantes LiKh1-/- não apresentaram alteração da captação de glicose e nem alteração na sensibilidade ao antimônio
Por outro lado, as formas amastigotas de LiKh1-/- foram incapazes de manter a infecção em macrófagos humanos ou murinos, formando estruturas multinucleadas que não sobrevivem por mais de 16 dias in vitro. A análise do ciclo celular dos mutantes demonstrou que as amastigotas LiKh1-/- apresentam retenção em G2/M, confirmando que os mutantes LiKh1-/- apresentaram defeito na citocinese. Os parasitos deficientes em Kh1 também possuem menor capacidade de manter a infecção in vivo, até mesmo em camundongos imunossuprimidos. A deleção do gene Kh1 não interferiu na produção de óxido nítrico pelos macrófagos peritoneais murinos.Os resultados obtidos in vitro e in vivo nesse trabalho demonstram que os parasitos LiKh1-/- apresentam fenótipo atenuado, devido à alteração na divisão celular. Esses parasitos poderão ser futuramente testados como potenciais candidatos vacinais contra as leishmanioses